What is Film and How it Works

Film has been around for well over a century. It’s by far the most used medium in terms of the length of time it has been in use and the sheer volume of relevant and well-known images that have been shot with it. And I’m not even considering the Hollywood blockbusters. Though the modern world has since moved on to digital, film still lingers on. It’s still being used by connoisseurs—both still photographers and filmmakers—who refuse to quit on film. This video by What Is . . . is a breezy run through of what film is and how it has been instrumental in capturing some of the most well-known images in human history:

Perforations

One of the most easily distinguishable marks on a strip of film are the perforations that run along the edges of its entire length.

What are the perforations on film

Perforations on Film

These are instrumental in helping the camera to move the film while the images are being made.

Strips for recording audio

Strips for Recording Audio

Some film even has a strip that allows audio to be recorded, which is either magnetic or optical. When recording motion pictures, however, audio is recorded onto a separate audio recording device.

Frames

The larger rectangles inside the strip are the frames and these are where the optical magic happens, meaning, this is where your images are recorded. There are various frame sizes. The larger the frame size, the larger the potential projection that can be made out of it before the image quality gets degraded. The common frame sizes are 8mm, Super 8mm, 16mm, Super 16mm, the extremely popular 35mm, and the super-sized IMAX standard 70mm.

35mm film size

Common Film Sizes

Layers of Film

The film itself is a stack of layers that consists of light sensitive emulsions, filters, and barriers. But the most important of them is probably the layer that consists of tiny light sensitive grains of silver halide.

layers on film

Layers of Film

When they receive light, they are sensitized. We call it being exposed. During film development, a chemical bath removes the grains that have been thus sensitized. So, the more the grains are exposed in a particular area, the more grains that are removed during development (consequently, the whiter that area becomes). This is basically how black and white film works.

Silver Halide layer on film stock

Light Sensitive Silver Halide Layer

For color film, there’s not one but three different light sensitive layers. Each of these layers on a strip of color film gets sensitized when exposed to light of a particular color. These colors are blue, green, and red—in that order. Information in these three layers is composited to produce one color image.

How color film work

Color Film

Film Base

These light sensitive layers, filters, and barriers are sandwiched together into a transparent material to produce what is known as the film stock. In the early days of photography this sandwiched material was based on Nitrocellulose. It was slightly difficult to work with because of its, well, explosive nature. Nitrocellulose was actually used in early military explosives. Cellulose Acetate later replaced Nitrocellulose as the preferred material for use. Finally, in the 1990s, Polyester plastic replaced Nitrocellulose to be the dominant base for film stock. It’s since been used in an almost unchanged format.

And there you have it. A quick explanation of film. Have you ever shot film?

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